Eco Friendly Diwali Tips : Save Nature, Save Life

Eco Friendly Diwali Tips-Save Nature Save Life-

Lets Celebrate an Environmentally Safe Diwali

Diwali is the one festival in India which is celebrated by all irrespective of caste, creed and religion. Diwali is celebrated to acknowledge the victory of good over evil.But with the changing time the style of celebrating Diwali has also changed drastically. Now Diwali celebrations mean electric illumination and bursting noisy fire crackers. This change in the celebration style has imposed many negative effects on the environment; some of the effects are listed below:

• Excessive air pollution
• Excessive noise pollution
• Soil pollution
• Excessive power consumption
• Consumerism (excess consumption means excess use of raw material)

Besides these environmental effects the modern style of celebrating Diwali also leads to various health hazards. Some of the major health hazards are listed below:

• Hearing loss
• High blood pressure
• Sleeping disturbances
• Asthma
• Headache
• Irritability
• Skin allergies
• Fatigue
• Eye related problems
• Respiratory problems

How to Celebrate Eco-Friendly Dewali?

Fireworks and safety tips:-

• Always use under adult supervision.
• Purchase only legal fireworks, available at approved stands.
• Read and follow instructions given on the fireworks packs.
• Always keep water and sand nearby, and a water hose pipe if possible.
• Fireworks are for strict outdoor use.
• Never try to make your own fireworks.
• Never relight fireworks that appear to have gone out. Wait for 15 minutes, and then soak the firework in a bucket of water.
• Only light one firework at a time.
• Never allow small children to go near fireworks.
• Store in a cool dry place.
• Never lean over top of fireworks to light them.
• Tie hair back, wear caps, wear safety goggles and no loose fitting clothes. Wear cotton clothes, and cover your body as much as possible. Shoes are a must.
• Sparklers should be immersed in sand or water bucket as soon as they appear out - they are still very hot and are known to cause the maximum number of accidental burns to children.
• After you finish — be responsible. Make arrangement to clear up all the mess the next morning. Wash your hands and feet, and firework material can be toxic, and s bad for your health.

Also WE CAN HAVE A CRACKERS SHOW FOR 2 HOURS IN A COMMON PLACE WHERE PEOPLE CAN SEE AND ENJOY THE CRACKERS, INSTEAD OF EACH DOING AT THEIR HOME IN A SMALL WAY AND MAKING THE WHOLE CITY DUSTY WITH PAPER

• IF IN A COMMON PLACE
• THE SOUND WILL BE ONLY FOR A PARTICULAR TIME
•  THE PAPER DUST WILL BE ONLY IN ONE PLACE
• THE COST OF DIVALI CELEBRATIONS CAN BE REDUCED
• NO NEIGHBOURS ENVY
• ONLY A LITTLE OF AIR AND SOUND POLLUTION
• CAN BE HAD IN A PLACE FAR FROM HOSPITALS
• SAFE MEASURES CAN BE ENSURED IN THAT PLACE
• MONITORING OF THE SAFETY OF THE PEOPLE IS EASY
• ENJOYMENT CAN BE SHARED BY ALL AT THE SAME PLACE
•  A GET-TOGETHER IS EASY

Happy Diwali To you All in Advance.

Books & winners of the Booker Prize for Fiction : GK Collection

2012- Bring Up the Bodies (Hilary Mantel)
2011 - The Sense of an Ending (Barnes) 
2010 - The Finkler Question (Jacobson) 
2009 - Wolf Hall (Mantel)
2008 - The White Tiger (Adiga)
2007 - The Gathering (Enright)
2006 - The Inheritance of Loss (Desai)
2005 - The Sea (Banville)
2004 - The Line of Beauty (Hollinghurst)
2003 - Vernon God Little (Pierre)
2002 - Life of Pi (Martel)
2001 - True History of the Kelly Gang (Carey)
2000 - The Blind Assassin (Atwood)
1999 - Disgrace (Coetzee)
1998 - Amsterdam: A Novel (McEwan)
1997 - The God of Small Things (Roy)
1996 - Last Orders (Swift)
1995 - The Ghost Road (Barker)
1994 - How Late It Was, How Late (Kelman)
1993 - Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha (Doyle)
1992 - The English Patient (Ondaatje)
1992 - Sacred Hunger (Unsworth)
1991 - The Famished Road (Okri)
1990 - Possession: A Romance (Byatt)
1989 - The Remains of the Day (Ishiguro)
1988 - Oscar and Lucinda (Carey)
1987 - Moon Tiger (Lively)
1986 - The Old Devils (Amis)
1985 - The Bone People (Hulme)
1984 - Hotel Du Lac (Brookner)
1983 - Life & Times of Michael K (Coetzee)
1982 - Schindler's Ark (Keneally)
1981 - Midnight's Children (Rushdie)
1980 - Rites of Passage (Golding)
1979 - Offshore (Fitzgerald)
1978 - The Sea, the Sea (Murdoch)
1977 - Staying on (Scott)
1976 - Saville (Storey)
1975 - Heat and Dust (Jhabvala)
1974 - The Conservationist (Gordimer)
1974 - Holiday (Middleton)
1973 - The Siege of Krishnapur (Farrell)
1972 - G. (Berger)
1971 - In a Free State (V. S. Naipaul )
1970 - The Elected Member (Bernice Rubens)
1969 - Something to Answer For (P.H.Newby)

Basic Computer Terms & Knowledge for IBPS/Bank PO/Clerk Exams

Computer Generations:

1. First Gen:- (1942-1955):- Here We Use “VACCUME-TUBE”

2. Second Gen:- (1955-1964):- Here We Use “TRANSISTEOR”

3. Third Gen:- (1964-1975):- Here We Use “INTEGRATED-CIRCUITS”

4. Forth Gen:- (1975 onwords):- Here We Use “MICROPROCESSOR”

5. Fifth Gen:- (Yet to come):- Artificial Intelligence

HARDWARE / SOFTWARE 

Hardware:- The physical component of a computer system such as electrical, megentic & mechanical devices constitute Hardware. Those component which can be touch & seen.

Software:- The terms software refer to the set of computer program, procedure, & associated documents, that describe the program & how they are to be used.

Types of software:-

A. System Software:-

E.g.:- O.S, Assembler, Compiler, Interpreter

B. Application Software:-

E.g:- Image processor:- world processingDatabase:- SpreadsheetGames:- Communication Software

OPERATING-SYSTEM

Operating System:- is a program or software that control the computer hardwareOrOperating system provide the interface between user & computer hardware.

Function of Operating System:- 

a. Resource managementb. Job managementc. Task managementd. Data managemente. Input / output managementf. Security of data

PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE

Types of Programming Language:-

1.) LOW-LEVEL:-

a. Machine-Languageb. Assemble Language

2.) HIGH-LEVEL:-

a. Problem oriented

b. Procedural:-

I . ScriptingII. Object-OrientedIII. Structured Language C

c. Non Procedural

LANGUAGE-TRANSLATOR

1.) ASSEMBLER:- are used to convert the low level language into machine language.

2.) COMPILER:- are used to convert the High level language into machine language. This check for error in the entire program & convert all the program into machine code

3.) INTERPRETER:- are used to convert High level language into machine language. & Interpretor check from error statement for one by one & convert the statement into machine code.

COMPUTER-MEMORY

Types of Memory:-

1.) Main-memroy / Semi Conductor / PrimaryMemory:-

A. RAM (Volatie):- The content of this memory will erased when we switch off power supply. In this memory we currently working.

a. Static b. Dynamic

B. ROM (Non-volatile):-The content of this memory will not erased. Even when computer is switch of.

a. PROMb. EPROMc. EEPROM

2.) Secondary Memory:- 

a. Hard diskb. Floppy diskc. Magnetic disk

PRINTER

Types of Printer:-

1.) IMPACT-PRINTER:- (Drum, Chain, Dot matrix, Daisy wheel)2.) NON-IMPACT-PRINTER:- (Laser, Ink-jet, Thermal)

ABBREVIATION-TERMS-RELATED-TO-COMPUTER-BASIC

C.P.U:- Central Processing Unit

C.M.O.S:- Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

P.C.I:- Peripherals Component Interface

B.I.O.S:- Basic Input Output System

Mhz:- Mega Hetz or

Ghz:- Giga Hetz

DIMM:- Dual In Memory Modules

D.D.R:- Doble Data Rate

U.S.B:- Universal Data Bus

F.D.D:- Floppy Disk Drive

SATA:- Serial Advance Technology Attachment

H.D.D:- Hard Disk Drive

P.O.S.T:- Power On Self Test

P.G.N:- Pin Grid Array

E.P.P:- Enhanced Parallel Port

E.C.P:- Extended Capabilities’ Port

F.S.B:- Front Side Bus

L.C.D:- Liquid Crystal Display

T.F.T:- Thin Film Transistor

S.C.S.I :- Small Computer System Interface

P.S.U:- Power Supply Unit

R.P.M:- Rotation Per Minutes

ABBREVIATION-TERMS-(COMPUTER-NETWORK)

LAN:- Local Area Network

WAN:- Wide Area Network

MAN:- Metropolis Area Network

IPS:- Internet Service Provider

SMTP:- Simple Mail Transfer Protoco

lFTP:- File Transfer Protocol

OSI :- Open System Interconnection

HTTP:- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

URL:- Universal Resource Locator

MODEM:- Modulation & Demodulation

IP;- Internet Protocol

DNS:- Domain Name Service

TCP / IP :- Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

VSAT:- Very Small Aperture Terminal

ISDN:- Integrated services digital network

WWW:- World Wide Web

NIC:- Network Interface Card

Indian National Congress Notes for SSC & UPSC Exams

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS : History Notes

* Founded by 1885 by A.O. Hume.

* Venue of 1 st Session – Gokul Tejpal Sanskrit School of Bombay.

* First President – W.C. Banerjee. * First Women President – Annie Besant (1917 Calcutta). 

* First Indian Women President – Sarojini Naidu.(1925, Kanpur)

* First English President – George Yule * First Muslim President – Badaruddin Tayabji

* Women President – Annie Besant (1917), Sarojini Naidu (1925) and Nalin Sengupta. 

* Thrice President (Maximum times)– Dadabhi Naoroji (1886,1863,1906), J.L. Nehru (1929, 1936, 1937).

* First Session to hold in village – 1937 (Fazipur). * First split of congress – 1907 (Surat). * First – Joint Session of Congress and Muslim League Lucknow (1916).

* Word Swaraj was first used from congress platform (1906) Calcutta.

* Only session presided over by Gandhi – Belgaon (1924).

* Complete Independence was demand for the first time (1929), Lahore.

* For the first time NationalSong was sung in the Calcutta Session (1896) of INC. i.e., Vande Mataram * For the first time National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana ) Was sung in Calcutta session (1911) of INC.

* Maulana Abul Kalam Azadwas the youngest president of Inc.

* The first session of congress (Bomaby 1885) was attended by 72 representatives.During the fourth session of INC (1888,Allahabad) emphasized was given on formation of its constitution. * Nagpur Session (1891) the word ‘National’ was added to Congress. * Poona session(1895), representatives second time discussed on the formation of its constitution.

* Calcutta session of 1906, its president for the first time used ‘ Swaraj’ in his speech. * In Lucknow Session of Congress (1916) the two factions of congress (extremists and Moderates) reunited.

* During Ahmedabad Session of INC (1921) , C. R. Das was elected its President but Azamal Khan presided over the session because C.R. Das was in prison.

* During Gaya Session (1922 ) differences arose over the issue of council entry. C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru organized Swaraj Party in 1922.

* During its Delhi session (1923) INC decided to establish All India Khadi Borad.

* Gandhi presided over only Belgaon session (1924) of INC * During this session knowledge of weaving wasfixed as minimum qualification for its members. Gandhi decide toset up ‘All India Charkha Association declared 1926’ as year of keeping silent.

* During Guwahati session of Inc (1926) wearing Khadi was made compulsory for its workers.

* During Madras session of INC 91927), proposals for independence and to boycott Simon commission were passed. Gandhi did not participate.

* During Karachi Session (1931) Fundamentals Rights and Economic PolicyProposals Passed.

* During its 1932 and 1933session government had declared it an illegal organization.

* During Lucknow Session (1936), J.L. Nehru explainedsocialism for the first time.* During Fazipur Session (1937) congress decided to take part in election of 1937. * 1938 session of congress held in a village Haripura.Netaji elected unopposed. * In Ramgarh Session (1904) decisions onIndividual Satyagarha.

* The word “Congress” Or INC was taken from the history of USA which means group of people.

* During Tripuri Session Of INC (1939) Subhash Chandra Bose Defeated Pattabhi Sitaramaya(Gandhi’s candidate in presidential election) but later resigned and Rajendra Prasad became its president.* During Calcutta Session (1928) first All India Youth congress was established.

Indian Banking History for IBPS/Bank Exams 2013

Pre-Independence Banking History in India:

Banking history of India is divided into Two major categories -

• Pre-Independence Banking History
• Post-Independence Banking History

Pre-Independence Banking:-

• The origin of modern Banking in India dates back to the 18th century.
• Bank of Hindustan was established in 1779 and it was the first bank at Calcutta under European management.
• Banking Concept in India was brought by Europeans.
• In 1786 General Bank of India was set up.
• On June 2, 1806 the Bank of Calcutta established in Calcutta. It was the first Presidency Bank during the British Raj.
• Bank of Calcutta was established mainly to fund General Wellesley’s wars against Tipu Sultan and the Marathas.
• On January 2, 1809 the Bank of Calcutta renamed as the Bank of Bengal.
• In 1839, there was a fruitless effort by Indian merchants to establish a Bank calledUnion Bank but it failed within a decade.
• On 15th April, 1840 the second presidency Bank was established in Bombay – Bank of Bombay.
• On 1 July 1843 the Bank of Madras was established in Madras, now Chennai. It was the third Presidency Bank during the British Raj.
• Allahabad Bank which was established in 1865 and working even today.
• The oldest Public Sector Bank in India having branches all over India and serving the customers for the last 145 years is Allahabad Bank. Allahabad bank is also known as one of India’s Oldest Joint Stock Bank.
• These Presidency banks worked as quasi central banks in India for many years under British Rule.
• The Comptoire d’Escompte de Paris opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860.
• HSBC established itself in Bengal in 1869
• Calcutta was the most active trading port in India, mainly due to the trade of the British Empire, and so became a banking center.
• The Oldest Joint Stock bank of India was Bank of Upper India established in 1863 but this bank was become defunct in 1913.
• In 1881,  Oudh Commercial Bank was established at Faizabad it was the first Bank of India with Limited Liability to be managed by Indian Board. After Independence, In 1958 this bank failed.
• In 1895 Punjab National Bank was established in Lahore in Punjab province of Undivided India. It was the first bank purely managed by Indian. PNB has not only survive but also become the second largest public sector bank in India.
• The first Indian commercial bank which was wholly owned and managed by Indians was Central Bank of India which was established in 1911.
• Central bank of India was also called India’s First Truly Swadeshi bank.
• The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found banks of and for the Indian community.  The period between 1906 and 1911 thousands of Banks were established in India. Many of those banks established then have survived to the present such as Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank and Central Bank of India.
• At least 94 banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 due to economic crisis during World War I.
• In 27th January, 1921 Bank of Calcutta, Bank of Madras and Bank of Bombay were amalgamated  to form Imperial Bank of India.
• In 1926 Hilton-Young Commission submitted it’s report.
• In 1934 Reserve Bank of India act was passed.
• On the recommendation of Hilton-Young Commission, On 1st April 1935 Reserve Bank of India was established.
• RBI was established with initial share capital worth Rs. 5 crore with 5 Lakh Rs. 100 share dividend.

Banking History in India – Post-Independence Banking History

Post-Independence Banking History:

Immediately after the Independence, the partition of India in 1947 adversely impacted the economies of Punjab and West Bengal by paralyzing banking activities for months.With end of British rule in India marked the end of a regime of the Laissez-faire for the Indian banking sector.

The Government of India initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 envisaged a mixed economy. To streamline the functioning and activities of commercial banks, the government of India has came up with the Banking Companies act, 1949. The Reserve Bank of India, India’s central banking authority, was nationalized on January 1, 1949 under the terms of the Reserve Bank of India (Transfer to Public Ownership) Act, 1948.  The Reserve Bank of India was vested with major powers for the supervision of banking inn India as he central banking authority.

The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new bank or branch of an existing bank could be opened without a license from the RBI, and no two banks could have common directors.During those days, the general public had lesser confidence in Banking. As an aftermath, the deposit mobilization process was very slow. Moreover, the savings bank facility provided by postal department was considered comparatively safer than banks, and funds were largely given to traders.

  

Nationalised Banks in India – Bank Nationalisation in India

In India, the Banking Sector has been dominated by Government or Public Sector Banks for last 64 years. In 1954 the All India Rural Credit Survey Committee submitted its report recommending creation of a strong, integrated, state-sponsored, state-partnered commercial banking institution with an effective machinery of branches spread all over the country. 

The recommendations of this committee led to establishment of first Public Sector Bank in the name of State bank of India  on July 01, 1955 by acquiring the substantial part of share capital by Reserve Bank of India, of then Imperial Bank of India. Similarly during 1956-59, as a result of reorganization of princely states, the State Bank of India associate Bank came into fold of Public sector banking.

On July 19, 1969, the Govt. promulgated Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) ordinance 1969 to acquire 14 bigger commercial banks with with deposits over 50 crores. 

The main objective behind this bank nationalisation was to spread banking infrastructure in rural india and make cheap finance available to Indian farmers.

The second phase of bank nationalisation took place in 1980 during the prime ministerial tenure of Indira Gandhi, in which 7 more banks were nationalised with deposits over 200 crores.

List of Nationalised Banks in India:

1. Allahabad Bank
2. Andhra Bank
3. Bank of Baroda
4. Bank of India
5. Bank of Maharashtra
6. Canara Bank
7. Central Bank of India
8. Corporation Bank
9. Dena Bank
10. Indian Bank
11. Indian Overseas Bank
12. Oriental Bank of Commerce
13. Punjab and Sind Bank
14. Punjab National Bank
15. Syndicate Bank
16. UCO Bank
17. Union Bank of India
18. United Bank of India
19. Vijaya Bank

Bank Liberalisation in India – Liberalisation in Banks

Liberalisation in banking sector in India noticed in early 1990s’ when India adopted a new economic policy for the development of the nation. Narasimha Rao government embarked on a policy of liberalization, licensing a small number of private banks.For the first time in India new private banks got license for providing  banking service. These banks came to be known as the New Generation tech-savvy banks.

The first bank in India set up after the adaptation of new liberalization policy in banking sector was Global Trust Bank. It was later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce. The list of banks set up after new liberalization policy includes Global Trust Bank, UTI Bank (Now known as Axis Bank), ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank.

This move towards the Liberalisation along with the rapid economic growth in India, re-energize the banking sector in India. Indian banking sector has noticed rapid growth with strong contribution from all sector of banks – government banks, private banks and foreign banks.

The next stage for the Indian banking sector has been set up with the proposed relaxation in the norms for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).  All Foreign Investors in banks can holds up to 74% with some restrictions of the company.